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eCourse
- Biographies
- Introduction
- A A Milne
- Swami Abhayananda
- A R Ammons
- Abbot Amakuki
- Abraham Maslow
- Adam Smith
- Al Alawi
- Al-Harraq
- Alan Watts
- Albert Camus
- Albertus Magnus
- Al Bistami
- Aldous Huxley
- Al Ghazzali
- Anandamayi
- Angela Of Foligno
- Angelus Silesius
- Apollonius Of Tyana
- Aristotle
- Ashtavakra Gita
- Asvaghosa
- Attar
- Augustine Baker
- Avadhut Gita
- Bankei
- Berdyaev
- Bhagavad Gita
- Blake
- Blosius
- Blue Cliff Record
- Boethius
- Bonhoeffer
- Brihadaranyaka
- Buddha
- Chandogya
- Chang Chen Chi
- Chao Chou Tsung Shen
- Charles Dickens
- Charles Morgan
- Chuang Tzu
- Cicero
- Colin Turnbull
- Conan Doyle
- D.H.Lawrence
- D.T.Suzuki
- Dadu
- Daito Kokushi
- Dante
- De Adhaerendo Deo
- Descartes
- Devikalottara
- Dhammapada
- Dhiravamsa
- Diamond Sutra
- Dilgo Khyentse Rinpoche
- Dionysius Areopagite
- Dogen
- Dom Chapman
- Dr.Hans Selye
- Eckhart
- Einstein
- Emerson
- Emily Dickinson
- Epictetus
- Erich Fromm
- Erigena
- Ernst Mach
- Eugen Herrigel
- Exodus
- F.H.Bradley
- Father Williams
- Fenelon
- Fo Yen
- Francis Bacon
- Francis Howgill
- Freud
- Galen
- Gampopa
- Gandhi
- Gandavyuha Sutra
- G B Shaw
- Genro
- George Macdonald
- Gerard Manley Hopkins
- Gospel Of John
- Gospel Of Truth
- H.H.Price
- Hadewijch
- Hafiz
- Hakim Jamal
- Hakuin
- Hakuun Yasutani
- Hans Denk
- Heidegger
- Heraclitus
- Hermann Hesse
- Hildegard
- Hongzhi
- Hora
- Hsin Hsin Ming
- Hsu Yun
- Huang Po
- Hubert Benoit
- Hugh Of St Victor
- Hui Hai
- Hui Ming Ching
- Huineng
- Ibn Arabi
- Isha Upanishad
- J.C.Powys
- J.J.Olier
- J.Maritain
- J.P.De Caussade
- Jacob Bohme
- James Thomson
- Jean Nicholas Grou
- J Krishnamurti
- Joel Goldsmith
- Johann Wolfgang von Goethe
- John Everard
- John Keats
- John Updike
- John Smith Platonist
- John Woolman
- Jose Ortega
- Julian Of Norwich
- Kabir
- Kaivalya
- Katha Upanishad
- Kierkegaard
- Kipling
- Krishna Menon
- Abraham Kook
- Kotzker Rebbe
- Lalla
- Lao Tzu
- Laurens Van Der Post
- Leo Tolstoy
- Lewis Carrol
- Lin Chi
- Lotze
- Lucretius
- M.C.Richards
- Madame Guyon
- Malaval
- Mandukya Upanishad
- Marcus Aurelius
- Margaret Mead
- Marguerite Porete
- Marguerite Yourcenar
- Marie De L'incarnation
- Martin Israel
- Max Planck
- Menachem Mendel Schneerson
- Mechthild Magdeburg
- Michael Mayne
- Milan Kundera
- Molinos
- Nicholas Of Cusa
- Nietzsche
- Nisargadatta
- Padmasambhava
- Pai Chang
- Pali Canon
- Panchadasi
- Papaji
- Pascal
- Patanjali
- Peter Matthiessen
- Peter Sterry
- P G Wodehouse
- Philo
- Plato
- Plotinus
- R.D.Laing
- Rabbi Bunam
- Rabbi Hahman
- Ramakrishna
- Ramana Maharshi
- Ram Dass
- Ramesh Balsekar
- Rilke
- Robert Frost
- Rumi
- Ruysbroeck
- Samuel Johnson
- Sara Banerji
- Sartre
- Secret Of Golden Flower
- Seng T'san
- Seung Sahn
- Shakespeare
- Shankara
- Shelley
- Shen Hui
- Shido Bunan Zenji
- Shih T'ou
- Simone Weil
- Sir Thomas Browne
- Socrates
- St.Athanasius
- St.Augustine
- St.Basil
- St.Bernard
- St. Bonaventure
- St.Catherine Of Genoa
- St.Catherine Of Siena
- St.Francis De Sales
- St.John Of The Cross
- St.John The Divine
- St.Paul
- Stephen Levine
- Surangama Sutra
- Suso
- Svetasvatara Upanishad
- Symeon-New Theologian
- T.H.Huxley
- T.S.Eliot
- Tai Hui
- Tauler
- Teilhard de Chardin
- Tennyson
- Tenzin Palmo
- Teresa Of Avila
- Te Shan
- The Cloud Of Unknowing
- The Gospel Of Thomas
- The Iron Flute
- Theologia Germanica
- Thomas A Kempis
- Thomas Aquinas
- Tozan Ryokai
- Traherne
- Treatise On Resurrection
- Vasishta
- Virginia Woolf
- Vivekananda
- Vladimir Solovyov
- W.B.Yeats
- Walter Hilton
- Walt Whitman
- William Law
- William Of Ockham
- William Of St.Thierry
- William Penn
- Wittgenstein
- Woodrow Wilson
- Wumen
- Yang-shan Hui-ch
- Yuan Wu
- Yung Chia Hsuan Chueh
- Zazengi
Biographies
- Introduction
- A A Milne
- Swami Abhayananda
- A R Ammons
- Abbot Amakuki
- Abraham Maslow
- Adam Smith
- Al Alawi
- Al-Harraq
- Alan Watts
- Albert Camus
- Albertus Magnus
- Al Bistami
- Aldous Huxley
- Al Ghazzali
- Anandamayi
- Angela Of Foligno
- Angelus Silesius
- Apollonius Of Tyana
- Aristotle
- Ashtavakra Gita
- Asvaghosa
- Attar
- Augustine Baker
- Avadhut Gita
- Bankei
- Berdyaev
- Bhagavad Gita
- Blake
- Blosius
- Blue Cliff Record
- Boethius
- Bonhoeffer
- Brihadaranyaka
- Buddha
- Chandogya
- Chang Chen Chi
- Chao Chou Tsung Shen
- Charles Dickens
- Charles Morgan
- Chuang Tzu
- Cicero
- Colin Turnbull
- Conan Doyle
- D.H.Lawrence
- D.T.Suzuki
- Dadu
- Daito Kokushi
- Dante
- De Adhaerendo Deo
- Descartes
- Devikalottara
- Dhammapada
- Dhiravamsa
- Diamond Sutra
- Dilgo Khyentse Rinpoche
- Dionysius Areopagite
- Dogen
- Dom Chapman
- Dr.Hans Selye
- Eckhart
- Einstein
- Emerson
- Emily Dickinson
- Epictetus
- Erich Fromm
- Erigena
- Ernst Mach
- Eugen Herrigel
- Exodus
- F.H.Bradley
- Father Williams
- Fenelon
- Fo Yen
- Francis Bacon
- Francis Howgill
- Freud
- Galen
- Gampopa
- Gandhi
- Gandavyuha Sutra
- G B Shaw
- Genro
- George Macdonald
- Gerard Manley Hopkins
- Gospel Of John
- Gospel Of Truth
- H.H.Price
- Hadewijch
- Hafiz
- Hakim Jamal
- Hakuin
- Hakuun Yasutani
- Hans Denk
- Heidegger
- Heraclitus
- Hermann Hesse
- Hildegard
- Hongzhi
- Hora
- Hsin Hsin Ming
- Hsu Yun
- Huang Po
- Hubert Benoit
- Hugh Of St Victor
- Hui Hai
- Hui Ming Ching
- Huineng
- Ibn Arabi
- Isha Upanishad
- J.C.Powys
- J.J.Olier
- J.Maritain
- J.P.De Caussade
- Jacob Bohme
- James Thomson
- Jean Nicholas Grou
- J Krishnamurti
- Joel Goldsmith
- Johann Wolfgang von Goethe
- John Everard
- John Keats
- John Updike
- John Smith Platonist
- John Woolman
- Jose Ortega
- Julian Of Norwich
- Kabir
- Kaivalya
- Katha Upanishad
- Kierkegaard
- Kipling
- Krishna Menon
- Abraham Kook
- Kotzker Rebbe
- Lalla
- Lao Tzu
- Laurens Van Der Post
- Leo Tolstoy
- Lewis Carrol
- Lin Chi
- Lotze
- Lucretius
- M.C.Richards
- Madame Guyon
- Malaval
- Mandukya Upanishad
- Marcus Aurelius
- Margaret Mead
- Marguerite Porete
- Marguerite Yourcenar
- Marie De L'incarnation
- Martin Israel
- Max Planck
- Menachem Mendel Schneerson
- Mechthild Magdeburg
- Michael Mayne
- Milan Kundera
- Molinos
- Nicholas Of Cusa
- Nietzsche
- Nisargadatta
- Padmasambhava
- Pai Chang
- Pali Canon
- Panchadasi
- Papaji
- Pascal
- Patanjali
- Peter Matthiessen
- Peter Sterry
- P G Wodehouse
- Philo
- Plato
- Plotinus
- R.D.Laing
- Rabbi Bunam
- Rabbi Hahman
- Ramakrishna
- Ramana Maharshi
- Ram Dass
- Ramesh Balsekar
- Rilke
- Robert Frost
- Rumi
- Ruysbroeck
- Samuel Johnson
- Sara Banerji
- Sartre
- Secret Of Golden Flower
- Seng T'san
- Seung Sahn
- Shakespeare
- Shankara
- Shelley
- Shen Hui
- Shido Bunan Zenji
- Shih T'ou
- Simone Weil
- Sir Thomas Browne
- Socrates
- St.Athanasius
- St.Augustine
- St.Basil
- St.Bernard
- St. Bonaventure
- St.Catherine Of Genoa
- St.Catherine Of Siena
- St.Francis De Sales
- St.John Of The Cross
- St.John The Divine
- St.Paul
- Stephen Levine
- Surangama Sutra
- Suso
- Svetasvatara Upanishad
- Symeon-New Theologian
- T.H.Huxley
- T.S.Eliot
- Tai Hui
- Tauler
- Teilhard de Chardin
- Tennyson
- Tenzin Palmo
- Teresa Of Avila
- Te Shan
- The Cloud Of Unknowing
- The Gospel Of Thomas
- The Iron Flute
- Theologia Germanica
- Thomas A Kempis
- Thomas Aquinas
- Tozan Ryokai
- Traherne
- Treatise On Resurrection
- Vasishta
- Virginia Woolf
- Vivekananda
- Vladimir Solovyov
- W.B.Yeats
- Walter Hilton
- Walt Whitman
- William Law
- William Of Ockham
- William Of St.Thierry
- William Penn
- Wittgenstein
- Woodrow Wilson
- Wumen
- Yang-shan Hui-ch
- Yuan Wu
- Yung Chia Hsuan Chueh
- Zazengi
René Descartes (1596–1650)
French philosopher who attempted to integrate philosophy with the ‘new’ sciences – moving away from the traditional reliance on the ‘revealed truth’ of theology. He championed the method of doubting anything that cannot be proved, which led him to the only indubitable fact: that he existed. Proof of his existence was his thinking – “I think therefore I am”. On this foundation he built his philosophy. Descartes is hugely influential and is often called the “father” of modern philosophy. His most famous book is ‘Meditations on First Philosophy’. He was also an accomplished mathematician.Descartes was born in Tours and educated at a Jesuit college. Later he studied law, and enlisted in the Dutch and Bavarian militaries. By 1619 he had begun his mathematical studies of natural phenomena as well as his philosophical writings, spending time over the next decade in Paris, or traveling. In 1629 he moved to Holland to spend the next 20 years in seclusion whilst he wrote. The Discourse on the Method was published in 1637, the Meditations on First Philosophy in 1641. In 1649, Descartes moved to Stockholm to work as philosophy tutor to Queen Christina of Sweden. The harsh climate affected his already fragile health and he died there in 1650. Descartes had become very famous. He was even thought by some to be a candidate for sainthood, and as his body was transported back to France from Sweden, hopefuls removed parts of his body to keep as relics. He was much reduced by the time he arrived in France!
See:
Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy
Wikipedia
Routledge Encyclopedia of Philosophy
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